Intraperative, intravascular and endoscopic tumor and lesion detection and therapy with monovalent antibody fragments

ABSTRACT

Methods are provided for close-range intraoperative, endoscopic and intravascular detection and treatment of lesions, including tumors and non-malignant lesions. The methods use agents labeled with isotopic and non-isotopic agents. Also provided are methods for detection and treatment of lesions with photodynamic agents and methods of treating lesions with a protein conjugated to an agent capable of being activated to emit Anger electron or other ionizing radiation. Compositions and kits useful in the above methods are also provided.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/879,857, filed May 6, 1992, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1--Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to improved methods for detecting tumors and lesions in the course of intraoperative, intravascular and endoscopic examination using a small detection probe.

2--Description of the Prior Art

Surgical resection remains the primary curative approach in the management of cancer. Radioimmunodetection (RAID) is used to locate and stage tumors, and to monitor post-operative patients, by external imaging, after injection of a radiolabeled antibody. Antibodies and/or antibody fragments which specifically bind antigens produced by or associated with tumors ("anti-cancer antibodies") are used as carriers for radiolabels in RAID. It will be appreciated that a tumor antigen can serve as a target for an antibody carrier even if it is not present in serum in a detectable amount.

Resolution is affected by several factors that can limit the size of a tumor, especially a metastasis, which can be imaged by RAID. Non-invasive RAID is inherently limited by the distance between the radiation detector and the tumor. In the case of small, deep-seated metastatic tumors, this becomes the limiting factor in their detection.

Second-look surgery has been practiced where recurrence of a previously excised primary tumor was indicated by elevated levels of tumor marker, e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Recently, a small gamma detection probe has been developed which is capable of detecting gamma emission at short distances. Its intraoperative use in second-look surgery has been reported to provide important information to the surgeon for determining safe margins for resection and for detecting small metastases, by Aitken et al., Dis. Colon & Rectum, 27, 279-282(1984).

Nevertheless, elevated background radiation levels can interfere with and vitiate the advantage of short measuring distances in this technique. In addition, non-specific immunoglobulin uptake by tumor tissue can complicate diagnosis.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,840 discloses a method for reducing the effect of elevated background radiation levels during surgery. The method is to inject the patient with antibodies specific for neoplastic tissue and which are labeled with radioisotopes having a suitably long half-life, such as Iodine-125. After injection of the radiolabeled antibody, the surgery is delayed at least 7-10 days, preferably 14-21 days, to allow any unbound radiolabeled antibody to be cleared to a low bloodpool, background level.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,412 discloses methods for reducing or correcting for non-specific background radiation during intraoperative detection. The methods include the administration to a patient who has received a radiolabeled primary antibody, of a contrast agent, subtraction agent or second antibody which binds the primary antibody.

Tumors can be detected in body cavities by means of directly or indirectly viewing various structures to which light is delivered and then collected. Lesions at any body site can be viewed so long as nonionizing radiation can be delivered and recaptured from these structures.

The prior art discloses improvements of such imaging approaches by using certain dyes that are accreted by lesions, such as tumors, which are in turn activated by a specific frequency of light. These improvements are described in Dougherty et al., Cancer Res. 38:2628, 1978; Dougherty, T. J., Photochem. Photobiol. 45:879, 1987; Jori and Perria, eds., Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors and Other Diseases; Padua: Libreria Progetto, 1985; Profio, Proc. Soc. Photoopt. Instr. Eng. 907:150, 1988; Doiron and Gomer, eds., Porphyrin Localization and Treatment of Tumors; New York: Alan Liss, 1984; Hayata and Dougherty, Lasers and hematoporphyrin derivative in cancer; Tokyo: Igaku-Shoin, 1984; and van den Bergh, Chem. Britain 22:430, 1986, incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

These dyes are injected, for example, systemically, and laser-induced fluorescence can be used by endoscopes to detect sites of cancer which have accreted the light-activated dye. For example, this has been applied to fluorescence bronchoscopic disclosure of early lung tumors (Doiron et al., Chest 76:32, 1979, included herein by reference; and references cited above).

It is known that dyes can be attached to antibodies for a more specific binding to certain tissues and cells, including malignant and normal cells, depending upon the discriminatory power of the antibodies in question. In cancer, such labeled antibodies have been used in flow cytometry and in immunohistology to stain malignant cells with many different kinds of anticancer antibodies, as described, for example, in Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice; London/New York, Academic Press, 1983; Ferrone and Dierich, eds., Handbook of Monoclonal Antibodies; Park Ridge, N.J., Noyes Publications, 1985; Wick and Siegal, eds., Monoclonal Antibodies in Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry; New York/Basel, Marcel Dekker, 1988, incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. Fluorescent and other chromagens, or dyes, such as porphyrins sensitive to visible light, have been used to detect and even treat lesions by directing the suitable light to the tumor or lesion (cited above). In therapy, this has been termed photoradiation, phototherapy, or photodynamic therapy (Jori and Perria, eds., Photodynamic Therapy of Tumors and Other Diseases, Padua: Libreria Progetto, 1985; van den Bergh, Chem. Britain 22:430, 1986).

Monoclonal antibodies have been coupled with photoactivated dyes for achieving a photodetection or phototherapy (Mew et al., J. Immunol. 130:1473, 1983; idem., Cancer Res. 45:4380, 1985; Oseroff et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8744, 1986; idem., Photochem. Photobiol. 46:83, 1987; Hasan et al., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 288:471, 1989; Tatsuta et al., Lasers Surg. Med. 9:422, 1989; Pelegrin et al., Cancer 67:2529, 1991--all incorporated in their entirety herein by reference). However, these earlier studies did not include use of endoscopic imaging and/or therapy applications, especially with the use of antibody fragments or subfragments.

A need continues to exist for simple methods which permit enhanced resolution to be achieved for close range intraoperative, intravascular and endoscopic lesion detection and therapy.

A need also exists for improved methods for detection and therapy of tumors.

A need also exists for methods to enable a clinician to intraoperatively, intravascularly or endoscopically detect and treat non-malignant pathological lesions.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

The principal object of the present invention is to provide methods for close-range intraoperative, intravascular and endoscopic detection of tumors whereby discrimination between tumor and non-tumor tissue is enhanced so that smaller tumors can be detected and appropriate margins can be determined more accurately to permit resection, irradiation and/or tumor removal during the procedure and within hours of an injection of labeled protein, whereby surgical, intravascular or endoscopic evaluation is not delayed.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic detection and therapy of tumors whereby the procedure can be selectively conducted within hours of the injection.

Another object of the present invention is to provide methods for close-range intraoperative, intravascular, or endoscopic detection and treatment of non-malignant pathological lesions.

Another object of the invention is to provide improved laser therapy, radioimmunotherapy and/or immunochemotherapy for lesions.

Upon further study of the specification and appended claims, further objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These objects can be attained in a method for close-range tumor detection and treatment during an operative, intravascular or endoscopic procedure. The method comprises injecting a patient subject to such a procedure parenterally with an effective amount of a labeled protein which specifically binds a substance produced by or associated with a targeted tumor. The protein is, for example, a peptide, polypeptide, growth factor, lymphokine, enzyme, immune modulator, receptor protein, cytokine, or hormone. While the procedure is conducted, the accessed interior of the patient is scanned at close-range with a detection means for detecting the presence of the labeled protein. The sites of accretion of the labeled protein are located by detecting elevated levels of the label at such sites with the detection means.

These objects can be attained in a method for close-range intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic tumor detection, wherein a patient subject to such a procedure is injected parenterally with an effective amount of a labeled antibody fragment which specifically binds an antigen produced by or associated with a tumor; the procedure is conducted, preferably, within 48 hours of the injection when unbound radiolabeled antibody fragment in the patient's circulation is reduced at least 50%; the surgically exposed or intravascularly or endoscopically accessed interior of the patient is scanned at close range with a label detection means; and the sites of accretion of the labeled antibody fragments are located by detecting elevated levels of label at such sites with the detection means.

In another related aspect, the invention provides a method for close-range detection during an intravascular, operative or endoscopic procedure of a non-malignant pathological lesion, wherein a patient subject to the procedure is injected parenterally with an effective amount of a protein, preferably an antibody fragment or whole antibody, labeled with a labeling agent and which specifically binds an antigen produced by or associated with the lesion, the accessed interior of the patient is scanned at close-range with a detection means for detecting the presence of the labeling agent, and the sites of accretion of the labeled antibody fragments or labeled whole antibody are located by detecting elevated levels of the labeling agent at such sites with the detection means.

The invention also provides a kit suitable for use in an intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic procedure. The kit comprises a first vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising an antibody fragment capable of being conjugated with a labeling agent, and a second vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising a whole antibody capable of being conjugated with a labeling agent different from the labeling agent of the first vial.

In a related aspect, the invention provides a kit suitable for use in an intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic procedure. The kit comprises a first vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising a labeled antibody fragment and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a second vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising a whole antibody labeled with a labeling agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the labeling agent of the second vial differs from the labeling agent of the first vial.

In another related aspect, the invention provides an improved method of detection of lesions using endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedures. The method comprises injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with a protein labeled with fluorescent agent or dye, wherein the protein accretes at the lesion; permitting the labeled protein to accrete; and detecting the label with a light source supplied via the endoscope or intravascular catheter or during the surgical procedure.

In another related aspect, the invention provides an improved method of detection and treatment of lesions using an endoscope or intravascular catheter. The method comprises injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with an agent capable of detection which preferentially accretes at the lesion; permitting the agent to accrete at the lesion; detecting the agent with a detection means supplied via the endoscope or intravascular catheter; and treating the lesion by brachytherapy administered through the endoscope or catheter.

In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method of treatment of lesions using endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedures. The method comprises injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with an antibody or antibody fragment labeled with a photoactive agent, wherein the antibody or fragment preferentially accretes at targeted lesions, permitting the labeled antibody or fragment to accrete, and activating the photoactive agent with a light source supplied via the endoscope or intravascular catheter or during the surgical procedure.

In another aspect, the invention provides an antibody fragment coupled with a photoactive agent.

In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method of detection and treatment of lesions using endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedures. The method comprises injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with a first composition comprising either a streptavidin- or avidin-conjugated antibody, biotinylated antibody to be used in conjunction with avidin and biotin, bifunctional antibody, antibody-hapten complexes, or enzyme-conjugated antibody, wherein the antibody is an antibody or antibody fragment which specifically binds a marker produced by or associated with the lesion; after the first composition accretes at the targeted lesion, injecting a second composition which bears a labeling agent capable of detection and which couples with the first composition; and detecting the label with a detection means via the endoscope or intravascular catheter or during the surgical procedure.

A variation of the above embodiment is when the first composition comprises biotinylated antibody or fragment and the second composition comprises biotin conjugated with fluorescent agent or dye. After the first agent accretes at the targeted lesion and prior to injecting the second composition, the patient is injected with a clearing composition comprising an agent to clear circulating biotinylated antibody or fragment.

In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method for detection of lesions in a patient to undergo an endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedure. The method comprises injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with a first composition comprising an antibody or fragment which preferentially accretes at the lesion and which is labeled with an agent capable of detection with a photoscanning or magnetic resonance imaging device; imaging the lesion with the photoscanning or magnetic resonance device after the labeled antibody or fragment accretes at the lesion; injecting the patient with a second composition comprising an agent capable of detection by an endoscope, intravascular catheter or hand-held detection means and which preferentially accretes at the lesion, wherein the agent of the second composition is the same as or different from the agent of the first composition, and allowing the agent to accrete at the lesion; and using the image of the lesion to determine the site for detecting the agent with a close-range detection means provided via the endoscope or intravascular catheter or during the surgical procedure.

In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method for detection of lesions in a patient to undergo an endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedure. The method comprises injecting the protein parenterally with a protein specific to the lesion and which is labeled with a first labeling agent capable of detection using a detection device, and with an indifferent protein from the same or different species as that used to prepare the specific protein, the indifferent protein being labeled with a second labeling agent capable of being independently detected using a detection device, the labeling being so effected that the kinetics and distribution of the labeled specific protein and the labeled indifferent protein in the patient are substantially the same during the time period required for detection, wherein at least one of the labeling agents is a photoactive dye; and during the procedure detecting for presence of the labeling agents in the patient with the detection device, the level of activity of the labeled indifferent protein being used to determine the distribution of background activity due to non-targeted specific protein, whereby the activity of substantially only the targeted lesion-localized specific protein is determined and said lesion is thereby detected and localized.

In another aspect, the invention provides an injectable composition, which comprises a substantially monospecific antibody having a specific immunoreactivity of at least 70% to a marker produced by or associated with a lesion and a cross-reactivity to non-lesion-associated antigens of less than 25%; the protein being labeled with a labeling agent capable of detection with a detection device, said labeling being effected to an extent sufficient to reduce the specific immunoreactivity of the antibody by from 5 to 33%; indifferent protein from the same or different species as that used to prepare said specific antibody, said indifferent protein being labeled with a labeling agent capable of independent detection by the detection device; and a pharmaceutically acceptable injection vehicle wherein at least one of the labeling agents is a photoactive dye.

In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method of detection and treatment of lesions. The method comprises injecting a patient with composition comprising a protein conjugated to an agent capable of being photoactivated to emit Auger electrons or other ionizing radiation, and, optimally, to an agent capable of detection, wherein the protein conjugate accretes preferentially at the target lesion; and activating the photoactivatable agent and detecting the optional agent capable of detection.

DETAILED DISCUSSION

It must be recognized that embodiments of the present invention relate to intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic examination and treatment of tissues and/or organs with a labeling agent detecting means capable of close approach to suspected sites of tumor recurrence, metastasis or incomplete removal.

Embodiments of the present invention also relate to the intravascular, intraoperative or endoscopic examination of lesions with a labeling agent detecting means capable of close approach to suspected sites of the lesions, especially non-malignant pathological lesions. Lesions include cancer, infectious or inflammatory lesions, clots, hyperplasia and atherosclerotic plaques.

The methods of the present invention do not require processing of images, both target-specific and non-target-specific. Rather, one embodiment enables a surgeon or clinician, through the use of, e.g., an intraoperative or intravascular probe or an endoscope, to scan areas of suspected tumor growth relatively quickly and use the level of radiation to more precisely discriminate tumor tissue from non-tumor tissue and thereby more precisely define tumor borders for surgical resection or diagnostic evaluation, or for laser or radiation therapy, including brachytherapy and external beam therapy.

Other embodiments enable the intravascular, intraoperative or endoscopic detection means to be similarly used to define and treat lesions, especially non-malignant pathological lesions.

This general approach can be applied to all endoscopically, including laparoscopically, and even intravascularly approachable lesions or structures in the body.

The proteins useful in embodiments of the invention may be a protein, peptide, polypeptide, glycoprotein, lipoprotein, or the like, e.g., growth factors, lymphokines, enzymes, receptor proteins, immune modulators, cytokines, hormones, for example, somatostatin, antibodies and antibody fragments. Antibodies and antibody fragments are preferred.

The use of protein-conjugates of light-sensitive dyes, especially of antibody fragments for imaging and fragments or intact antibodies, preferably of human or humanized forms, for optimization of early and sensitive tumor and other lesion detection or phototherapy in various structures of the body, particularly those reached by endoscopes or various intravascular or extravascular catheters, is preferred.

Further, in order to alleviate nonspecific targeting, which may be experienced at times in some embodiments of the present invention, with such macromolecules as immunoglobulins, a method of controlling nonspecific antibody targeting, comprising the combination of a specific antibody and a nonspecific antibody, or fragments thereof, each labeled with a different dye that is distinguishable from the other agent's dye by photodetection methods, has now been developed. It is further shown that the preferred localizing, specific antibody or fragment, can be dual-labeled with an isotope and a dye, either for simultaneous or separate detection, as desired by the observer. The antibody or antibodies can be injected systemically with at least one dye attached, thus permitting different colors to be developed by photoactivation and viewed in the same endoscope by alternating the nature of the light being delivered and collected for viewing. Such multipurpose viewing endoscopes have been described already, as for example in Hirano et al., Lasers in the Life Sciences 3(2):99, 1989, and in the van den Bergh citation above, both incorporated in their entirety herein by reference, but not in relation to antibody conjugates. A poster presented recently at the Seventh International Conference on Monoclonal Antibody Immunoconjugates for Cancer, San Diego, Calif., Mar. 4-7, 1992, by Folli et al., claimed that a patient injected with a CEA monoclonal antibody conjugated with fluorescein R showed green fluorescence of a rectal tumor observed by fluorescence rectosigmoidoscopy, and claimed this demonstrated the feasibility of photoimmunodiagnosis. Since such tissues are known to have autofluorescence (as noted in the articles cited above, e.g., van den Bergh, 1986), it is not verified that this fluorescence is due to the fluorescing conjugate, and the use of whole immunoglobulin delayed imaging until background activity cleared.

In an embodiment of the present invention, more rapid endoscopic imaging and detection are possible because of the use of antibody fragments and subfragments conjugated with suitable light-activated dyes. This is also the case for light transmitted by intravascular catheters, both for detection and therapy of intravascular and perivascular lesions, either malignant or nonmalignant.

The use of whole immunoglobulins, even the smaller IgG forms, require sufficient time to clear from background, nonspecific organ targeting. This often constitutes a delay of considerable time (usually 2 or more days) between injection of the chromogenic antibody and imaging of the localized dyes, which is not unlike the problems experienced in antibody imaging by external scintigraphy (radioimmunodetection).

It has now been discovered that the dyes and isotopes used for conjugation to proteins, especially antibodies, for lesion detection can be more effective, faster, and safer when fragments or subfragment forms are deployed. This rapid targeting thus permits the use of both short-lived and long-lived isotopes, or dyes of low and high stability after conjugation, since the detection method can be employed within a few hours of the administration of the new labeling agent(s).

Still another method to rapidly and selectively target a detecting agent by such ionizing and nonionizing radiation is by means of antibody pretargeting procedures, such as, for example, streptavidin- or avidin-conjugated antibodies, biotinylated antibodies in conjunction with avidin and biotin, bifunctional antibodies, antibody-hapten complexes, or enzyme-conjugated antibodies, reviewed in Paganelli, Nucl. Med. Commun. 12:211, 1991, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

In addition to delivering radiation to tumors by such 2- and 3-step procedures, the methods can be used to achieve high target/nontarget ratios for intraoperative, endoscopic, and intravascular detection and therapy of tumors and other lesions, including the use of photoradiation for tumor and lesion detection and therapy by endoscopic and intravascular probes within scopes and catheters. The use of light and porphyrins in cancer therapy has been reviewed by the references already cited above.

When endoscopes are used to deliver the nonionizing radiation for therapy of the dye-containing tumors, or for the detection of tumors by fluorescence endoscopy, the procedures are limited to lesions that are accessible to the exciting light and to the detection of the emitted fluorescence, such as in the oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, colon, rectum, bladder, vagina, uterus, and other body cavities by use of laparoscopes. Use of light-bearing catheters inserted through veins or arteries enables a more extensive application, especially into organs that are currently examined by intraarterial radiological procedures. Therapeutic applications of antibodies conjugated with light-activating dyes can also be achieved by delivering the nonionizing radiation via such intravascular catheters, particularly in cases where there is a pathological blockage, such as in atherosclerotic plaques or intravascular thrombi or emboli.

This invention also includes the therapeutic use of proteins, especially a bifunctional antibody or antibody fragment, conjugated to agents which can be photoactivated to emit Auger electrons or other ionizing radiation, and, optimally, to agents capable of detection. After the conjugate accretes at the targeted site, activating means and an optional detection means are provided. Agents capable of photoactivation include halogenated compounds, such as halogenated pyrimidines, and certain stable elements, such as iodine and indium. The activating means include monochromatic x-rays, especially those emitted in an energy range of 20-70 keV, more preferably 30-40 keV. The 2- and 3-step procedures disclosed above can be used to deliver agents which can be photoactivated to the targeted sites. These embodiments may apply to intraoperative and endoscopic as well as more generalized uses.

Another goal of an embodiment of the invention is the achievement, as early as possible, of a high target/nontarget ratio of the dye, so that the photoradiation procedure can be instituted before the loss of the dye in the tumor due to instability of the conjugate or because of high autofluorescence in surrounding normal tissues. By using an intravascular catheter, one can now deliver nonionizing radiation to most structures in the body which are accessible to an intravascular catheter. In terms of a rapid method of targeting the dye to a tumor or lesion, it is now discovered that the preferred method is the use of antibody fragments and subfragments as the delivery vehicle of the dye (as a chromophore conjugate) or to use a pretargeting system, such as a 3-step biotin-avidin procedure. In the latter, for example, the biotinylated antitumor antibody is injected parenterally. After sufficient time for the reagent to localize to tumor optimally, such as after about 24 hours and up to about 7 days, but more preferably after 48 hours and before 96 hours, a dose of cold (unlabeled) avidin is given parenterally, followed at 24-96 hours later by a biotin derivative labeled with the detection or therapy isotope or with a suitable photoirradiation dye. The radioactive biotin can be given for detection of lesions intraoperatively or endoscopically, or biotin conjugated with a chromophore can be given for tumor/lesion detection and/or therapy by a laparoscope, an endoscope or an intravascular catheter. A description of the 3-step system for targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in tumors, using biotin labeled with In-111, has been described by Paganelli et al., Cancer Res. 51:5960, 1991, incorporated herein by reference. Such pretargeting methods have not been described previously for improved endoscopic and/or intravascular detection and/or therapy of cancer and other pathological lesions.

It has also been discovered that more effective detection and therapy can be achieved with combinations of agents and procedures involving photodynamic detection and therapy, with or without the use of antibody conjugates, and radioimmunotherapy and/or chemoimmunotherapy. Photodynamic therapy has been used in combination with radiation therapy and chemotherapy in cancer patients (Hayata and Dougherty, 1984, cited above), but combining photodynamic therapy with radioimmunotherapy and/or chemoimmunotherapy is even more effective, since the isotopes or drugs conjugated to tumor-seeking antibodies are more specifically effective than external-beam irradiation or free-drug chemotherapy. The methods and agents for radioimmunotherapy and for chemoimmunotherapy are described in patents and applications, such as, U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,647, U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,709, U.S. Pat. No. 4,348,376, U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,544, U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,744, U.S. application Ser. No. 07/182,623, referred to as the "Goldenberg" patents and "Hansen" application, incorporated herein by reference.

An improved method of cancer therapy is achieved when the photodynamic therapy involves photosensitive agents conjugated to tumor-seeking antibodies combined with radioimmunotherapy and/or chemoimmunotherapy, since these all entail more specific cancer therapy modalities that involve higher therapeutic indices as compared to conventional therapeutic modalities.

General methods of labeling antibodies with fluorochromes are known in the art, and can be found, for example, in Weir, ed., Handbook of Experimental Immunology, Vol. 1, Chapter 28, pp. 28.1-28.21, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific, 1986, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. For therapeutic purposes, the delivery of high numbers of photoactivating agents to the lesions (malignant and nonmalignant) is critical. Increasing the number of photoactivating molecules attached to the immunoglobulin can affect the antibody's immunoreactivity and, in turn, targeting properties, and usually requires that fewer than 10 such molecules be conjugated to the immunoglobulin. Another requirement is to attach the photoactivating molecules away from the antigen-binding region of the antibody, so as not to hinder the antibody's binding region of the antibody, so as not to hinder the antibody's binding and targeting properties. Both of these requirements are met by use of the aminodextran conjugation method described by Shih et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,313, incorporated herein by reference. This method permits high numbers of fluorochromes and other light-activating agents to be conjugated to the carbohydrate region of the antibody, away from the antigen-binding sites, usually more than 20 molecules per IgG molecules, and sometimes considerably more.

Previously, Oseroff et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8744, 1986) used a photosensitizer, chlorine₆, conjugated in high numbers to antibody via a dextran linkage, and showed photodestruction of human T-cell leukemia cells in vitro. In this circumstance, light could be delivered to the leukemic cells in culture. However, leukemic cells in humans are not accessible to such phototherapy in their usual reservoirs in the body, so it is not readily apparent how these leukemic cell culture experiments would be extrapolated to the human situation. Indeed, in vivo experiments in animals have shown that photodynamic therapy affects the vascularization of tumors by reducing blood flow (Doiron and Gomer, eds., Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., p. 170; New York, A. R. Liss, 1984). Indeed, van den Bergh (cited above) has cautioned "possible extrapolation of PDT (photodynamic therapy) results from in vitro experiments to the situation in vivo." Similarly, it is difficult to extrapolate from animal experiments to the clinic, since it is well known that rodent models do not bear the same distribution of target tumor-associated antigens in their blood and tissues as is true for humans, and that the tumor uptake of antibody conjugates is hundreds to thousands and more higher than in humans.

The procedures of intraoperative detection involving the methods and reagents described herein can be combined optimally with external imaging by radioimmunodetection (RAID), using preferably ^(99m) TC-, ¹¹¹ In-, or ¹²³ I-labeled antibody fragments or subfragments, and performing a scanning of the patient prior to surgery, preferably within 24 hours of surgery. The RAID study provides the surgeon with information regarding sites of abnormal radioactivity of putative disease, which enables the surgeon to focus in on such areas with the intraoperative probe during surgery or laparoscopy. Likewise, the RAID study can be advantageously performed prior to the fluorescence endoscopy or intravascular catheterization study, in order to better define areas of disease. More versatile agents can also be used, whereby an anticancer antibody fragment is labeled with both an imaging and detection isotope (e.g., ^(99m) TC) and with a fluorescent dye, or where a bifunctional antibody is used, one arm directed to the lesion and labeled with a suitable radionuclide, and the other arm directed to a hapten-conjugated with a fluorescent dye, or to a hapten to which a fluorescent dye can be bound after injection parenterally. Other combinations of an isotopic probe and a fluorescent (or chromophore) probe, as apparent from 2- and 3-step targeting methods (cited above), can be used to allow for contemporaneous use of nonionizing and ionizing radiation probes for intraoperative, endoscopic, and intravascular detection of pathological lesions.

This principle is also applicable to therapy, where combinations of modalities are more effective than one method alone. For example, systemic radioimmunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy can be advantageously given before or after photoactivated therapy (via an endoscope or intravascular catheter after deposition of the chromophore by conventional injection or via an antibody conjugate), whereby the radioimmunotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy are working in combination or synergistically with the phototherapy. These variations again can include 2- and 3-step pretargeting procedures, in order to achieve higher target/nontarget ratios for the delivery of the chromophore or of the radiation to the tumor or pathological lesion.

Still another improvement in cancer therapy is the use of endoscopes, including laparoscopes, and catheters involving isotopically- or photosensitizer-conjugated anticancer antibodies in combination with brachytherapy involving the implantation of radioactive pellets by means of a scope or catheter.

The isotopically or photosensitizer-conjugated antibody can serve as a detection method for directing the application of brachytherapy, or also as a therapy in conjunction with brachytherapy.

Such brachytherapy is conducted in situations almost identical to the use of photodynamic therapy, so it is an improvement to use photodynamic therapy, with or without conjugating the photosensitizer to a tumor-seeking antibody (but preferably with an antibody conjugate), together with brachytherapy, such as radon-222, iodine-125, cesium-137, cobalt-60, and iridium-192.

It is preferred to use brachytherapy in combination with laser therapy, external beam radiation, chemoimmunotherapy and/or radioimmunotherapy, since higher antitumor doses with lower host side effects are achieved. Combinations of brachytherapy with Nd-YAG laser therapy in lung carcinoma have already been reported (Allen et al., Am. J. Surg. 150:71, 1985; Schray et al., Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 11:403, 1985--both incorporated in their entirety herein by reference), as well as the general use of intraluminal brachytherapy in lung cancer by Nori et al., Surg. Clin. N. Amer. 67:1093, 1987, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. More effective therapy is now achieved by combinations of the various modalities of brachytherapy, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, radioimmunotherapy, and chemoimmunotherapy, particularly with the application of tumor-seeking antibodies conjugated with therapeutic modalities.

The short-range detection method according to the invention may use a detector capable of detecting radiation emitted from or color provided by a label bound to the protein.

The label may be alpha, gamma, beta, positron, fluorescence or any other detectable ionizing or nonionizing radiation which can be produced by a convenient label capable of attachment to a protein, preferably an antibody or antibody fragment. For example, a gamma detector suitable for such a function has been reported by Aitken et al., Dis Colon & Rectum, 27, 279-282(1984). These authors describe a hand-held gamma probe using a cadmium telluride scintillation crystal, a preamplifier and an amplifier with a digital readout displaying the radioactive counts (Radiation Monitoring Devices, Watertown, Mass.). The scintillation crystal is housed in a 16-mm diameter lead collimator with a 4-mm aperture. This device has been shown to detect tumor with radiolabeled antibody injected intraperitoneally, and to distinguish tumor tissue from nearby non-tumor tissue. However, the disclosed method requires long delays between injection and probing, with unpredictable results obtained from patient to patient.

It will be apparent to the ordinary skilled artisan that other detection means can be used and that the detector is not limited to gamma radiation.

It will also be apparent that the detector can be made to discriminate between radiolabeling agents of different energies of incident radiation, e.g., between gamma radiation in different ranges within the broad 20-1,000 keV range which is used for gamma scintillation counters and/or between alpha-, gamma-, and beta- radiation emitted by different radiolabeled proteins. Thus, the invention is not limited by the type of detector used.

A scintillation crystal can be mounted on the end of a fiber optic cable and its optical response to incident gamma radiation can be transmitted to a photomultiplier and associated circuitry through the optical fiber. This can reduce the size of the detector to be compatible with use in conjunction with an endoscope or intravascular catheter. The endoscope or catheter can be shielded to serve as a collimator, where necessary, and/or fitted with a window at a known distance from its terminus, with the scintillation crystal housed therein.

Various other modifications and adaptations of the foregoing will be readily apparent to the ordinary skilled artisan, in light of the particular needs of the situation. However, the method of the present invention is not limited by any specific type of radiolabeling agent detector. Rather, any detector which is capable of detecting the label localized in targeted lesion, tissue or organ can be used.

The detection means can be used in the form of an endoscope, and inserted into a body cavity through an orifice, such as, the mouth, nose, ear, anus, vagina or incision. The term "endoscope" is herein used generically to refer to any scope introduced into a body cavity, e.g., an anally introduced endoscope, an orally introduced bronchoscope, a urethrally introduced cystoscope, an abdominally introduced laparoscope or the like. Certain of these may benefit greatly from further progress in miniaturization of components and their utility to practice the method of the present invention will be enhanced as a function of the development of suitably microminiaturized components for this type of instrumentation.

Highly miniaturized probes which could be introduced intravascularly, e.g., via catheters or the like, are also suitable for use in the embodiments of the invention for localizing and treating tumors and the embodiments for localizing and treating non-malignant pathological lesions, such as, an infarct, including myocardial, atherosclerotic plaque, clot, including thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infectious or inflammatory lesion, or hyperplasia.

In methods of the present invention, techniques useful in imaging applications are adapted for the improved methods of the presentation. Methods of localization and therapy of tumors and lesions, and methods of organ imaging, using radiolabeled antibodies and antibody fragments which specifically bind markers produced by or associated with tumors, lesions and normal organs or tissues, have been disclosed, inter alia, in U.S. application Ser. No. 07/694,977, filed May 6, 1991 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,331,647; 4,348,376; 4,361,544; 4,444,744; 4,460,561; and 4,624,846, the disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein their entireties by reference (hereinafter, "the Goldenberg patents"). These references also disclose antibodies and antibody fragments for use in the foregoing methods, together with methods for obtaining them and for radiolabeling them with appropriate radionuclides.

Antibody fragments useful in the present invention are F(ab')2, F(ab)2, Fab', Fab, Fv and the like, including hybrid fragments. Also useful are any subfragments retaining the hypervariable, antigen-binding region of an immunoglobulin and having a size similar to or smaller than a Fab' fragment. This will include genetically engineered and/or recombinant proteins, whether, single-chain or multiple-chain, which incorporate an antigen binding site and otherwise function in vivo as targeting vehicles in substantially the same way as natural immunoglobulin fragments. Such single-chain binding molecules are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Fab' antibody fragments may be conveniently made by reductive cleavage of F(ab')2 fragments, which themselves may be made by pepsin digestion of intact immunoglobulin. Fab antibody fragments may be made by papain digestion of intact immunoglobulin, under reducing conditions, or by cleavage of F(ab)2 fragments which result from careful papain digestion of whole Ig. The fragments may also be produced by genetic engineering.

The antibody may be whole immunoglobulin of any class, e.g., IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, chimeric or hybrid antibodies with dual or multiple antigen or epitope specificities. It can be a polyclonal antibody, preferably an affinity-purified antibody from a human or an appropriate animal, e.g., a primate, goat, rabbit, mouse or the like. Monoclonal antibodies are also suitable for use in the present method, and are preferred because of their high specificities. They are readily prepared by what are now considered conventional procedures of immunization of mammals with immunogenic antigen preparation, fusion of immune lymph or spleen cells with an immortal myeloma cell line, and isolation of specific hybridoma clones. More unconventional methods of preparing monoclonals antibodies are not excluded, such as interspecies fusions and genetic engineering manipulations of hypervariable regions, since it is primarily the antigen specificity of the antibodies that affects their utility in the present invention. It will be appreciated that newer techniques for production of monoclonals can also be used, e.g., human monoclonals, interspecies monoclonals, chimeric (e.g., human/mouse) monoclonals, genetically engineered antibodies and the like.

It should be noted that mixtures of antibodies, isotopes, and immunoglobulin classes can be used, as can hybrid antibodies. The hybrids can have two different antigen specificities, e.g., one arm binding to a tumor antigen such as carcinoembryonic antigen and another arm binding to another antigen, e.g., CSAp, or one arm could bind to one epitope on, e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen and the other arm could bind to another carcinoembryonic antigen epitope. The foregoing are merely illustrative, and other combinations of specificities can be envisioned that also fall within the scope of the invention.

Hybrid antibody fragments with dual specificities can be prepared analogously to the anti-tumor marker hybrids disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,544. Other techniques for preparing hybrid antibodies are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,893 and 4,479,895, and in Milstein et al., Immunol. Today, 5,299(1984).

Unbound labeled antibody fragments will clear from the patient's circulation quickly and thereby be reduced by at least 50% within 48 hours, preferably 24 hours, more preferably 12 hours, and even more preferably 6 hours, after injection. It is preferable that the reduction be at least 75%, more preferable 85%.

Unbound whole antibody will clear from the patient's circulation and the amount of unbound whole antibody reduced by no more than 50%, in no less than 48 hours.

The labeling agents useful in the methods of the present invention include isotopic or non-isotopic labels, such as fluorescent agents and other dyes, etc. Such labels are well known to these skilled in the art.

The radioisotope selected by one skilled in the art to radiolabel the fragment will have a half-life to complement binding time of the fragment to the antigen.

The labeling agent for the antibody fragment is preferably an isotope with a gamma radiation emission peak in the range of 20-500 keV, primarily because the state of the art for radiation detectors currently favors such radiolabels.

Suitable such radioisotopes for antibody fragments include, e.g., Iodine-123, Indium-113m, Gallium-68, Rhenium-188, Technetium-99m, and Fluorine-18. Preferred isotopes are Technetium-99m and Iodine-123. However, isotopes with longer half-lives can also be used.

The labeling agents for whole antibodies use in the methods of the present invention include isotopic or non-isotopic labels, such as florescence, etc. Such labels are well known to these skilled in the art and are disclosed above.

The radioisotope selected by one skilled in the art to radiolabel the whole antibody should have a half-life which complements the antibody being used.

Examples of suitable radioisotopes for whole antibodies include Indium-111, Iodine-125, Iodine-131, and Gallium-67.

In a method of the present invention wherein more than one isotope is used, the two radiolabels should be of sufficiently different energies or sufficiently different half-lives to be separately detectable with the detection means. Suitable such pairs of radioisotopes include, e.g., Iodine-131/Iodine-123, Iodine-125/Technetium-99m and the like.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,840 discloses antibodies specific for neoplastic tissue and radioisotopes useful in a surgical procedure wherein an animal suspected of containing neoplastic tissue is surgically accessed and the tissue therein examined visually and by palpation for evidence of neoplastic tissue. The disclosed antibodies radiolabeled with the disclosed radioisotopes are injected into the patient at least 7 days, and preferably 7-21 days, prior to the surgery so that during the surgery a probe may used to determine the presence of radiolabeled antibody bound to neoplastic tissue.

The antibodies and radioisotopes of that reference, hereby incorporated by reference, are useful in the methods of the present invention wherein an injection of a radiolabeled antibody is administered.

In the method of the present invention wherein intravascular, intraoperative or endoscopic procedures are used to detect and treat lesions and an injection is made of only one labeled protein, any label disclosed herein as useful for labeling either fragments or whole antibodies may be used.

Suitable radioisotopes include, e.g., Cobalt-57, Iodine-131, Iodine-123, Iodine-125, Iodine-126, Iodine-133, Bromine-77, Indium-111, Indium-l13m, Copper-67, Gallium-67, Gallium-68, Ruthenium-95, Ruthenium-97, Ruthenium-103, Ruthenium-105, Mercury-197, Mercury-203, Rhodium-99m, Rhodium-101, Rhodium-105, Selenium-75, Tellurium-121m, Tellurium-122m, Tellurium-125m, Thulium-165, Thulium-167, Thulium-168, Rhenium-186, Rhenium-188, Technetium-99m, and Fluorine-18. Preferred are Technetium-99m, Iodine-123, Iodine-125, Iodine-131, Indium-111, and Gallium-67.

The probe can be combined with surgical removal of detected tumor or lesions, cells, or tissue, and this is the conventional mode of operation in second-look surgery. Another possibility for such surgery, and especially for endoscopic procedures, is to combine the probe with a laser device that could use the signal generated by the probe to indicate where laser irradiation should be directed to selectively destroy tumor tissue.

Suitable laser devices, combined with fiber optic transmission, are well known in the art. Representative examples thereof are described, inter alia, in, e.g., Dixon, Lasers in Surgery, in "Current Problems in Surgery", Pgs. 1-65 (Year Book Medical Pubs., Inc. 1984); Fleisher, Arch. Intern. Med., 144, 1225-1230 (1984); Wood et al., Am. J. Gastroent., 80, 715-718 (1985); and Hunter et al., Am. J. Surg., 148, 736-741 (1984). Three types of lasers are currently in fairly widespread use for medical therapy, namely the argon, carbon dioxide and neodymium-YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers. As noted by Fleischer, Nd-YAG and argon lasers have been used with fiber optic waveguides, although it is likely that further advances in CO₂ laser technology will permit its use with fiber optics in the near future.

The foregoing references show that lasers have been used for therapy, in conjunction with endoscopy, both in coagulative and in ablative modes, including their use for tumor therapy. The use of lasers and endoscopy has advantages where surgery is contraindicated. Used in conjunction with the endoscopic procedure according to the present invention, greater precision and mitigation of damage to normal tissue is achieved.

The probe can also be used to provide radiation therapy such as brachytherapy and external beam radiation to the site.

However, it normally will not be possible to optimize scanning in the same way for intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic examination as it is for external imaging. Rather, in the event that it is desired to optimize the timing of the procedure, a blood sample can be taken at periodic intervals after injection of the protein and the level of activity of the label in the blood is determined, so that the efficacy of clearance and the level of circulating label can be observed. This will indicate the best time for the surgical, intravascular or endoscopic procedure. For example, when the level of circulating label being detected is reduced by at least about 50%, preferably at least about 75%, more preferably by at least about 85%, or even more, the interference of background radiation with the short-range detection process will be minimized, and detection will be enhanced.

The invention provides a kit suitable for use in an intraoperative, intravascular or endoscopic procedure.

The kit may comprise a vial containing a sterile preparation for human use comprising an antibody fragment capable of being labeled with an isotopic or non-isotopic agent, and a vial containing a sterile preparation for human use comprising an antibody capable of being labeled with a differing labeling agent.

The kit may also comprises a vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising a labeled antibody fragment and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and a vial containing a sterile injectable preparation for human use comprising an antibody labeled with a differing labeling agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The labeled antibody fragment and labeled antibody are each conveniently provided as an injectable preparation for mammalian use, preferably a sterile injectable preparation for human use, preferably comprising: a sterile injectable solution containing an effective amount of the labeled antibody fragment or labeled antibody in a pharmaceutically acceptable sterile injection vehicle, preferably phosphate-buffered saline injection vehicle (PBS) at physiological pH and concentration. Other conventional pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles for parenteral administration may be utilized as required for the site of parenteral administration.

A representative preparation to be parenterally administered in accordance with this invention will normally contain about 0.01 to 20 mg, preferably about 0.05 to 5 mg, of labeled antibody fragment or labeled antibody, in a sterile solution which advantageously also contains, e.g., about 10 mg of human serum albumin (1% USP, Parke-Davis) per ml of 0.04M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4 Bioware) containing 0.9 sodium chloride.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. In the following examples, all temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius; unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

EXAMPLES Example 1--Intraoperative Tumor Detection

A female patient with a cecal carcinoma recurrence is injected i.v. with Tc-99m-labeled murine monoclonal antibody NP-4 Fab' fragment against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (15 mCi Tc-99m; 1 mg Fab'). The patient is scanned with a gamma camera, producing both planar and single-photon emission computed tomographic images at 3-5 hours later, and the cecal lesion is defined. Without delaying the planned surgery, the patient is brought to the operating room 8 hours after the antibody administration, and undergoes surgery for removal of the cecal tumor and any other sites of involvement in the region. This is achieved by passing a sterile radiation probe over the viscera to identify sites of tumor spread. The probe has a cadmium telluride scintillation crystal, collimator, preamplifier and amplifier, similar to that reported by Aitken et al., op. cit., but is collimated to select energy in the range of 100-160 keV. The counts registered are translated into a digital recording and an auditory signal at a significant increase over background counts. An increase in count ratio and signal of at least 100% relative to non-tumor areas is noted at the cecal tumor site, and extends for a distance of about 3 cm from the gross margins of the tumor. The surgeon removes the tumor and normal-appearing colon extending a distance of about 3.5 cm from the gross margins of the tumor on all sides, at which distance the ratio of counts was not more than 25% higher than the normalized base ratio. Also, a mesenteric lymph node giving at least a 150% increased signal over background is also resected. The resected tissues are fixed in formalin and are found by histopathology to contain carcinoma cells. The colon tumor borders are found to be devoid of cancer invasion. Based upon follow-up of the patient for 7 months, no evidence of local or distant cancer recurrences is found, and the blood CEA titer, which is elevated prior to surgery, has remained within the normal range not exceeding 2.5 ng/ml.

Example 2--Endoscopic Tumor Detection

(A) A male patient with a suspected colonic polyp (having a history of recurrent polyps in the colon) is scheduled for a colonoscopy because of a recent positive guaiac test for hemoglobin in his stool, and an elevated blood CEA titer of 12.5 ng/ml. A dose of CEA monoclonal antibody NP-4 F(ab')₂ labeled with I-125 by the chloramine-T method (2 mg F(ab')₂ with 1.0 mCi I-125) is injected i.v. and 24 hours later, without delaying the planned endoscopic procedure, the patient undergoes endoscopy, using a colonoscope equipped with a radiation detector capable of measuring the radiation emitted by I-125. The detector comprises a cadmium telluride scintillation crystal mounted on the tip of an optical fiber waveguide. The optical fiber is housed within a shielded tube which itself is inserted inside the colonoscope and extends to within about 4 mm of the open end thereof, the remaining length of tubing serving as a collimator. The other end of the optical fiber leads to a photomultiplier, a preamplifier and amplifier, and means to convert the resultant signal to a corresponding auditory signal. The gastroenterologist examining the colon with the colonoscope finds 2 small pedunculated polyps within a distance of 20 and 25 cm from the anal verge, measuring about 1.5 cm and 0.8 cm in diameter, respectively. The radiation detector shows an enhanced signal only over the larger polyp, this signal appearing 2 times higher than background activity or the radioactivity over the other, smaller, polyp. Both polyps are removed by means of a loop inserted in the colonoscope, extracted through the scope, and processed for histopathology. It is found that only the one having the high radioactivity signal contains cancer cells; this polyp has an area of adenocarcinoma.

(B) In another case of endoscopy similar to the above, a patient receives a monoclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) which is conjugated to dihematoporphyrin ether, DHE (Photofrin II), by an adaptation of the carbodiimide-conjugation method of Mew et al., J. Immunol. 130:1473, 1983, at a dose of 1.5 mg DHE per kg body weight i.v. The fiberoptic colonoscope used to detect the fluorescence of the agent targeted to a malignant polyp is similar to the fiberoptic bronchoscope described by Profio et al., Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 193:43, 1985, using a violet krypton ion laser emitting at 410 nm. The fluorescence intensity is converted to an audio signal, whose pitch is related to the signal's intensity by analyzing the fluorescence in a photomultiplier tube. In this case, the malignant polyp at a distance of 15 cm from the anal verge has a ratio of fluorescence to background of 6:1. The polyp of 0.5 cm in diameter is removed via the colonoscope, fixed in formalin, and processed for histopathology. An adenocarcinoma in the stalk of the polyp is found to be present.

Example 3--Intraoperative Tumor Therapy

A woman with ovarian cancer having extensive abdominal spread is injected prior to surgery with a biotinylated preparation of RS7-3G11 monoclonal antibody (3 mg) i.v. Three days later a chase dose of avidin (10 mg) is given i.v. in 2 divided doses 60 minutes apart. Twenty-four hours later, a 1.5 mg dose of biotinylated RS7-3G11 conjugated with DTPA-indium (stable) is injected i.v. The next day, the patient undergoes a resection of all visible and palpable tumors in her abdominal cavity, followed by intraoperative irradiation of the exposed cavity with monochromatic X-rays of 40 keV to destroy micrometastatic cancer spread. At 6 and 9 months later, no evidence of disease is present, and the patient's blood CA-125 titer is within the normal range, as contrasted to its marked elevation prior to treatment.

Example 4--Intravascular Detection and Therapy of a Thrombosed Myocardial Artery

A male presents with disabling angina pectoris and suspected coronary artery disease. It is decided to examine the coronary arteries and a catheter is inserted by the percutlaneous femoral technique. The catheter has a fiberoptic system similar to the ones used in colonoscopy above, but miniaturized with transmission of fluorescence and laser light without the need to visualize the tissues, only to measure fluorescence emitted. A similar DHE preparation as in Example 2(B), conjugated to monoclonal antibody EPB-1 (LL1), which targets atherosclerotic plaques, is injected at a dose of 1.0 mg per kg body weight i.v. Using an excimer-dye laser which emits 405 nm laser beams for diagnosis, the catheter finds an increased signal of fluorescence (translated into an auditory signal whose pitch reflects fluorescence intensity, using a photomultiplier) in the patient's left anterior descending artery. Thereafter, the laser emits a 630 nm laser beam through the optical fiber in the catheter for dissolving the atherosclerotic plaque, keeping the fiber input energy below 4 mJ/pulse. Follow-up reveals that the occluded vessel improved its blood flow by at least 70% without any adverse effects to the patient. The patient's symptoms and cardiac status improves in the ensuing 8 weeks.

The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 

I claim:
 1. A method for close-range tumor detection and, optionally, treatment, during an operative, intravascular or endoscopic procedure, wherein the method comprises the steps of:injecting a patient subject to such a procedure parenterally with an effective amount of a labeled monovalent antibody fragment or subfragment which specifically binds antigen produced by or associated with a tumor; conducting the procedure within 48 hours of the injection; scanning the accessed interior of the patient at close range with a detection means for detecting the presence of the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment; locating the sites of accretion of the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment by detecting elevated levels of the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment at such sites with the detection means, without the use of a clearing agent, contrast agent or subtraction agent, and optionally, treating the detected sites of accretion of said labeled antibody fragment or subfragment.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is conducted within 24 hours of the injection.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is conducted within 12 hours of the injection.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is conducted within 6 hours of the injection.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the fragment or subfragment is a monoclonal antibody fragment or subfragment.
 6. The fragment of claim 5, which is an Fv, single-chain antibody, Fab or Fab' fragment.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the label for the fragment or subfragment is a radioisotope.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the radioisotope emits at an energy of 20-1,000 KeV.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the radioisotope is technetium-99m.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the radioisotope is iodine-125, iodine-131 or iodine-123.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the radioisotope is indium-111.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the radioisotope is gallium-67.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the label of said labeled antibody fragment or subfragment is a non-isotopic agent.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the non-isotopic agent is a photoactive agent.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the photoactive agent is a fluorescent agent.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises treating detected sites during the procedure.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is an operative procedure.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is an intravascular procedure.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure is an endoscopic procedure.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein said procedure is a laparoscopic procedure.
 21. The method of claim 1, further comprising treating the tumor during the procedure by brachytherapy, external beam radiation, laser therapy or surgical removal.
 22. A method of detection of lesions during an endoscopic, intravascular catheter or surgical procedure, wherein the method comprises the steps of:injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with an antibody fragment or subfragment labeled with a fluorescent agent or dye, wherein the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment accretes at the lesion; permitting the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment to accrete; conducting the procedure within 48 hours of the injection; and detecting the label with a light source supplied via an endoscope or intravascular catheter or during the surgical procedure, without the use of a clearing agent, contrast agent or subtraction agent.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of removing lesions at sites of elevated label accretion with a laser or surgically.
 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising the step of treating lesions at sites of elevated label accretion with ionizing radiation.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the procedure is selected from the group consisting of endoscopic and intravascular catheter procedures, and further comprising the step of administering brachytherapy via the endoscope or catheter to lesions at sites of elevated label accretion.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein the antibody fragment is selected from the group consisting of an Fv, single-chain antibody, Fab, Fab', F(ab)₂ and F(ab')₂ fragment.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the lesion is selected from the group consisting of a cancer, infectious or inflammatory lesion, clot, hyperplasia and atherosclerotic plaque.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein said procedure is conducted within 24 hours of the injection of said labeled antibody fragment or subfragment.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein said procedure is a laparoscopic procedure.
 30. A method of detection and treatment of lesions during an endoscopic or intravascular catheter procedure, wherein the method comprises the steps of:(a) injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with an antibody fragment or subfragment labeled with an agent capable of detection, which labeled antibody fragment or subfragment preferentially accretes at the lesion; (b) permitting the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment to accrete at the lesion; (c) conducting the procedure within 48 hours of the injection of the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment; (d) detecting the agent with a detection means supplied via the endoscope or intravascular catheter, wherein the agent is detected without the use of a clearing agent, contrast agent or subtraction agent; and (e) treating the lesion by brachytherapy administered through the endoscope or intravascular catheter.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the antibody fragment is an Fv, single-chain antibody, Fab, Fab', F(ab)₂ or F(ab')₂.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein the lesion is a cancer, infectious or inflammatory lesion, clot, hyperplasia or atherosclerotic plague.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein said procedure is conducted within 24 hours of the injection of said labeled antibody fragment or subfragment.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein said procedure is a laparoscopic procedure.
 35. A method of treatment of lesions during a laparoscopic or intravascular catheter procedure, wherein the method comprised the steps of:injecting a patient to undergo such a procedure with an antibody fragment or subfragment labeled with a photoactive agent, wherein the antibody fragment or subfragment preferentially accretes at targeted lesions; permitting the labeled antibody fragment or subfragment to accrete; conducting the procedure within 48 hours of the injection of the labeled antibody or subfragment; and activating the photoactive agent with a light source supplied via the laparascope or intravascular catheter, thereby treating said lesions.
 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the lesion is a cancer, infectious or inflammatory lesion, clot, hyperplasia or atherosclerotic plaque.
 37. The method of claim 35, wherein said procedure is conducted within 24 hours of the injection of said labeled antibody fragment or subfragment.
 38. A method of treatment of lesions, wherein the method comprises the steps of:(a) injecting a patient with composition comprising a protein conjugated to an agent capable of being activated to emit Auger electrons or other ionizing radiation, and, optionally, to an agent capable of detection, wherein the protein conjugate accretes preferentially at the targeted lesion; and (b) activating said agent capable of being activated, thereby treating said lesions, and, optionally, detecting the optional agent capable of detection.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the activation and optional detection is during an endoscopic, intravascular, catheter or surgical procedure.
 40. The method of claim 39, wherein said procedure is a laparoscopic procedure.
 41. The method of claim 38, wherein the activatable agent is a stable element capable of being activated to emit ionizing radiation.
 42. The method of claim 38, wherein the activatable agent is a stable element capable of being activated to emit Auger electrons.
 43. The method of claim 42, wherein the activatable agent is a halogenated compound.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the agent is a halogenated pyrimidine.
 45. The method of claim 41, wherein the stable element is iodine or indium.
 46. The method of claim 38, wherein the protein is a peptide, polypeptide, growth factor, hormone, lymphokine, cytokine, receptor protein, immune modulator, enzyme, antibody or antibody fragment.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the antibody fragment is an Fv, single-chain antibody, Fab, Fab', F(ab)₂ or F(ab')₂.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the antibody or antibody fragment is a monoclonal antibody.
 49. The method of claim 38, wherein the activating energy is monochromatic X-rays.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the monochromatic X-rays emit at an energy of 20-70 KeV.
 51. The method of claim 50, wherein the monochromatic X-rays emit at an energy of 30-40 KeV.
 52. The method of claim 38, wherein the lesion is a cancer, infectious or inflammatory lesion, clot, hyperplasia or atherosclerotic plague. 